How Intents Are Formed

An intent in CoW Protocol is a signed message that represents a user’s wish to trade. It doesn’t execute a trade directly — instead, it delegates execution to solvers who find the optimal path.

This document explains the anatomy of intents at a conceptual level.For a step-by-step integration walkthrough, see the API Integration Guide. For higher-level tools, use the TypeScript SDK or the Python SDK.

Forming an intent follows three stages:

Intention → Quote → Intent

1. Intention

An intention is the user’s raw desire to trade. To obtain a quote, you send this intention to the /quote API endpoint:

POST https://api.cow.fi/mainnet/api/v1/quote

The request body describes what the user wants. Basic fields of the request:

{
  "kind": "sell",
  "sellToken": "0xfFf9976782d46CC05630D1f6eBAb18b2324d6B14",
  "buyToken": "0xbe72E441BF55620febc26715db68d3494213D8Cb",
  "sellAmountBeforeFee": "1000000000000000000",
  "from": "0xfb3c7eb936cAA12B5A884d612393969A557d4307",
  "receiver": "0xfb3c7eb936cAA12B5A884d612393969A557d4307",
  "validFor": 1800
}

Field	Description
`kind`	`"sell"` or `"buy"` — whether you’re fixing the sell or buy amount
`sellToken`	Token address you’re selling
`buyToken`	Token address you’re buying
`sellAmountBeforeFee`	How much you want to sell (for `sell` orders)
`from`	Address of the trader
`receiver`	Address that receives the bought tokens (often same as `from`)
`validFor`	Order validity period in seconds

For more details see the Order Book API.

2. Quote

The /quote response provides the price information needed to build the order, including fee breakdowns.

Sell order response

{
  "protocolFeeBps": "2",
  "quote": {
    "buyAmount": "191179999",
    "feeAmount": "62483346430736",
    "sellAmount": "99937516653569264",
    "kind": "sell"
  }
}

Field	Description
`protocolFeeBps`	Protocol fee in basis points
`quote.sellAmount`	Sell amount after network costs have been deducted
`quote.feeAmount`	Network costs, in sell token units
`quote.buyAmount`	Buy amount after network costs and protocol fee have been deducted

Buy order response

{
  "protocolFeeBps": "2",
  "quote": {
    "buyAmount": "200000000",
    "feeAmount": "42560776189182",
    "sellAmount": "104486220751250279",
    "kind": "buy"
  }
}

For buy orders, sellAmount is after the protocol fee, and the feeAmount (network costs) is not yet included in the sell amount — it must be added separately.

3. Amount Stages

The quote response and order construction use a shared vocabulary of amount stages — each representing the token amount at a specific point in the fee pipeline. Understanding these terms is essential for interpreting quote values and building orders correctly.

Term	Description
`beforeAllFees` (= `spotPrice`)	The raw exchange rate with no fees applied. This is the theoretical “perfect world” price. It serves as the reference point for calculating partner fees and slippage.
`afterProtocolFees`	Amount after CoW Protocol’s own fee (`protocolFeeBps`) has been applied.
`afterNetworkCosts`	Amount after gas costs (network costs) have been applied. Network costs are always denominated in the sell token, but may be converted to buy token units when applied to the buy side.
`afterPartnerFees`	Amount after the integrator/partner fee has been deducted.
`afterSlippage`	The final amount after the user’s slippage tolerance has been applied. This is the value signed into the order — it is the minimum the user will receive (sell orders) or the maximum they will pay (buy orders).

Flow for sell orders

The code below is simplified, see the full working code in CoW SDK getQuoteAmountsAndCosts.

The /quote response maps directly to afterNetworkCosts. beforeAllFees is reconstructed from it for partner fee calculations:

// /quote response maps to afterNetworkCosts
const afterNetworkCosts = {
  sellAmount: quote.sellAmount,
  buyAmount:  quote.buyAmount,
}

// reconstruct beforeAllFees (spot price) — used as the base for partner fee calculation
const networkCostAmountInBuyCurrency = (quote.buyAmount * quote.feeAmount) / quote.sellAmount
const beforeAllFees = {
  sellAmount: quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount,
  buyAmount:  quote.buyAmount + networkCostAmountInBuyCurrency + protocolFeeAmount,
}

// partner fee is deducted from buy amount, relative to spot price
const afterPartnerFees = {
  sellAmount: afterNetworkCosts.sellAmount,
  buyAmount:  afterNetworkCosts.buyAmount - partnerFeeAmount,
}
// partnerFeeAmount = beforeAllFees.buyAmount * partnerFeeBps / 10000

// slippage reduces buy amount (user accepts receiving less)
const afterSlippage = {
  sellAmount: afterPartnerFees.sellAmount,
  buyAmount:  afterPartnerFees.buyAmount - slippageAmount,
}
// slippageAmount = afterPartnerFees.buyAmount * slippageBps / 10000

// sell is set to spot price — settlement contract deducts network costs itself
const amountsToSign = {
  sellAmount: beforeAllFees.sellAmount,  // = quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount
  buyAmount:  afterSlippage.buyAmount,   // minimum to receive
}

Flow for buy orders

The code below is simplified, see the full working code in CoW SDK getQuoteAmountsAndCosts.

The /quote sell amount maps to afterProtocolFees. The buy amount is fixed and maps to beforeAllFees:

// /quote response: sell maps to afterProtocolFees, buy is fixed (= beforeAllFees)
const afterProtocolFees = {
  sellAmount: quote.sellAmount,
  buyAmount:  quote.buyAmount,
}

// reconstruct beforeAllFees (spot price) — used as the base for partner fee calculation
const beforeAllFees = {
  sellAmount: quote.sellAmount - protocolFeeAmount,
  buyAmount:  quote.buyAmount,
}

// add network costs to sell amount
const afterNetworkCosts = {
  sellAmount: quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount,
  buyAmount:  quote.buyAmount,
}

// partner fee is added to sell amount, relative to spot price
const afterPartnerFees = {
  sellAmount: afterNetworkCosts.sellAmount + partnerFeeAmount,
  buyAmount:  afterNetworkCosts.buyAmount,
  // partnerFeeAmount = beforeAllFees.sellAmount * partnerFeeBps / 10000
}

// slippage increases sell amount (user accepts paying more)
const afterSlippage = {
  sellAmount: afterPartnerFees.sellAmount + slippageAmount,
  buyAmount:  afterPartnerFees.buyAmount,
  // slippageAmount = afterPartnerFees.sellAmount * slippageBps / 10000
}

// buy is fixed (exact amount to receive), sell includes all fees and slippage
const amountsToSign = {
  sellAmount: afterSlippage.sellAmount,  // maximum to pay
  buyAmount:  beforeAllFees.buyAmount,   // = quote.buyAmount
}

4. Fees & Slippage

Several layers of fees transform the raw spot price into the final amounts signed in the order.

Fee types

Fee	Description	Token
Network costs	Gas fees for on-chain execution, estimated by the protocol	Sell token
Protocol fee	CoW Protocol’s fee, expressed in basis points (`protocolFeeBps`)	Buy token (sell orders) / Sell token (buy orders)
Partner fee	Optional fee added by integrators (e.g. widget providers)	Buy token (sell orders) / Sell token (buy orders)
Slippage	Tolerance buffer to account for price movements	Buy token (sell orders) / Sell token (buy orders)

Spot Price (beforeAllFees)

The spot price is the exchange rate before any fees are applied. It serves as the reference for partner fee and slippage calculations.

Sell order

beforeAllFees.sellAmount = quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount

Network Costs (buy token) = (quote.buyAmount × quote.feeAmount) / quote.sellAmount

beforeAllFees.buyAmount = quote.buyAmount + protocolFeeAmount + Network Costs (buy token)

Buy order

beforeAllFees.sellAmount = quote.sellAmount - protocolFeeAmount

beforeAllFees.buyAmount = quote.buyAmount

Protocol Fee

The protocol fee is expressed as basis points (protocolFeeBps) in the quote response.

Sell orders (buy token units)

For sell orders, quote.buyAmount is already after the protocol fee has been deducted:

protocolFeeAmount = quote.buyAmount × (protocolFeeBps / 10000) / (1 − protocolFeeBps / 10000)

Buy orders (sell token units)

For buy orders, the protocol fee is applied to the sum of sell amount and network costs:

protocolFeeAmount = (quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount) × (protocolFeeBps / 10000) / (1 + protocolFeeBps / 10000)

Partner Fee

The partner (integrator) fee is calculated as a percentage of the spot price (beforeAllFees), not the post-fee amounts.

Sell orders (buy token units)

partnerFeeAmount = beforeAllFees.buyAmount × partnerFeePercent / 100

Buy orders (sell token units)

The same formula applies, but the result is in sell token units.

Slippage

Slippage tolerance uses the same calculation as the partner fee, but it is applied to the afterPartnerFees amount rather than the spot price:

slippageAmount = afterPartnerFees × slippagePercent / 100

All Formulas at a Glance

Below is every stage computation in one place. All values are in token atoms (integers). protocolFeeBps is in basis points (e.g. "2" = 2 bps = 0.02%).

Sell order — full computation

── Protocol Fee Amount (buy token units) ──────────────────────────────────────
protocolFeeAmount = quote.buyAmount × (protocolFeeBps / 10000)
                    / (1 − protocolFeeBps / 10000)

── Network Costs in Buy Token ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
networkCostInBuyToken = (quote.buyAmount × quote.feeAmount) / quote.sellAmount

── beforeAllFees (Spot Price) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount
buyAmount  = quote.buyAmount + networkCostInBuyToken + protocolFeeAmount

── afterProtocolFees ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = beforeAllFees.sellAmount
buyAmount  = beforeAllFees.buyAmount − protocolFeeAmount

── afterNetworkCosts (= /quote response) ──────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = quote.sellAmount
buyAmount  = quote.buyAmount

── afterPartnerFees ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
partnerFeeAmount = beforeAllFees.buyAmount × partnerFeeBps / 10000

sellAmount = afterNetworkCosts.sellAmount
buyAmount  = afterNetworkCosts.buyAmount − partnerFeeAmount

── afterSlippage ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
slippageAmount = afterPartnerFees.buyAmount × slippageBps / 10000

sellAmount = afterPartnerFees.sellAmount
buyAmount  = afterPartnerFees.buyAmount − slippageAmount

── Amounts to Sign ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = beforeAllFees.sellAmount      (= quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount)
buyAmount  = afterSlippage.buyAmount       (minimum to receive)

Buy order — full computation

── Protocol Fee Amount (sell token units) ─────────────────────────────────────
protocolFeeAmount = (quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount) × (protocolFeeBps / 10000)
                    / (1 + protocolFeeBps / 10000)

── beforeAllFees (Spot Price) ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = quote.sellAmount − protocolFeeAmount
buyAmount  = quote.buyAmount

── afterProtocolFees (= /quote sellAmount) ────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = quote.sellAmount
buyAmount  = quote.buyAmount

── afterNetworkCosts ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = quote.sellAmount + quote.feeAmount
buyAmount  = quote.buyAmount

── afterPartnerFees ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
partnerFeeAmount = beforeAllFees.sellAmount × partnerFeeBps / 10000

sellAmount = afterNetworkCosts.sellAmount + partnerFeeAmount
buyAmount  = afterNetworkCosts.buyAmount

── afterSlippage ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
slippageAmount = afterPartnerFees.sellAmount × slippageBps / 10000

sellAmount = afterPartnerFees.sellAmount + slippageAmount
buyAmount  = afterPartnerFees.buyAmount

── Amounts to Sign ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
sellAmount = afterSlippage.sellAmount      (maximum to pay)
buyAmount  = beforeAllFees.buyAmount       (= quote.buyAmount)

Forming the Final Order

The signed order combines the quote API response with UI/integrator settings:

Source	Fields
`/quote` API response	`sellAmount`, `buyAmount`, `feeAmount`, `protocolFeeBps`
UI / integrator settings	`partnerFee`, `slippage`

The resulting order contains the afterSlippage buy amount (for sell orders) or sell amount (for buy orders), which the protocol guarantees as the minimum the user will receive (or maximum they’ll pay). The fixed amount (sellAmount for SELL order, buyAmount for BUY order) corresponds to the spot price amount.

Sell order

const orderToSign = {
    sellAmount: beforeAllFees.sellAmount,
    buyAmount: afterSlippage.buyAmount
}

Buy order

const orderToSign = {
    sellAmount: afterSlippage.sellAmount,
    buyAmount: beforeAllFees.buyAmount
}

Overview

How It Works

Benefits

Order Types

Flash Loans

CoW AMM

CoW Explorer

Integration

Architecture

API Reference

Core Reference

Auctions

1. Intention

2. Quote

Sell order response

Buy order response

3. Amount Stages

Flow for sell orders

Flow for buy orders

4. Fees & Slippage

Fee types

Spot Price (beforeAllFees)

Sell order

Buy order

Protocol Fee

Sell orders (buy token units)

Buy orders (sell token units)

Partner Fee

Sell orders (buy token units)

Buy orders (sell token units)

Slippage

All Formulas at a Glance

Sell order — full computation

Buy order — full computation

Forming the Final Order

Sell order

Buy order

​1. Intention

​2. Quote

​Sell order response

​Buy order response

​3. Amount Stages

​Flow for sell orders

​Flow for buy orders

​4. Fees & Slippage

​Fee types

​Spot Price (beforeAllFees)

​Sell order

​Buy order

​Protocol Fee

​Sell orders (buy token units)

​Buy orders (sell token units)

​Partner Fee

​Sell orders (buy token units)

​Buy orders (sell token units)

​Slippage

​All Formulas at a Glance

​Sell order — full computation

​Buy order — full computation

​Forming the Final Order

​Sell order

​Buy order

1. Intention

2. Quote

Sell order response

Buy order response

3. Amount Stages

Flow for sell orders

Flow for buy orders

4. Fees & Slippage

Fee types

Spot Price (beforeAllFees)

Sell order

Buy order

Protocol Fee

Sell orders (buy token units)

Buy orders (sell token units)

Partner Fee

Sell orders (buy token units)

Buy orders (sell token units)

Slippage

All Formulas at a Glance

Sell order — full computation

Buy order — full computation

Forming the Final Order

Sell order

Buy order